Out the Window

Each morning, I am lucky to have a half hour where I can sit and have my coffee and start my day, often with journaling or the newspaper. In warm months, I throw the doors wide open, letting the cool morning air inside. Even when it starts to get a little chilly at night (like now - autumn is on the way, no matter how warm the days feel!), I still like to open the doors and snuggle under one of the quilts Tom’s mom made for us, so many years ago. The cat often sits in my lap and keeps me warm.

I noticed this morning how often I gaze out the windows as I’m drinking my coffee, and what’s so great (and we are so privileged to have) is that outside every window, there is a view of the garden. We can see green from every part of the house, whether I’m sitting on the couch, washing dishes in the kitchen, getting in to bed at night, or hopping into the shower. What a blessing.

I remember reading an article years ago from A Way to Garden, in which the author, Margaret Roach, calls this Garden Design 101. “Look out the window if you want to make a garden,” she writes. After all, when we’re out in the garden, we’re often digging or hauling or planting and don’t really notice how lovely it is. Oh sure, we may have family dinner out there, or tea with friends, but those events are not daily and only in clement weather. Whereas sitting happens more often inside the house. That’s when we really notice the garden.

As I was sitting there this morning, I thought surely there must some research about the positive effects of these window views. And indeed, there is. The Center for the Built Environment at UC Berkeley has published a study titled ‘The impact of a view from a window on thermal comfort, emotion, and cognitive performance.’ In it, the authors state, “visual connection to nature has been demonstrated to have a positive impact on attention restoration, stress reduction, and overall health and well-being. Inside buildings, windows are the primary means of providing a connection to the outdoors, and nature views even through a window may have similar effects on the occupants.” The study concludes that people had an increase in positive emotions in rooms with a window view, which was no surprise. But working memory and concentration were also higher, and folks actually felt cooler, even though the study controlled for temperature.

Another study from the Royal College of Physicians in the UK titled, ‘Gardening for health,’ details all the ways that being in green spaces increases health outcomes for patients. We gardeners and hikers already know that being outdoors in nature is beneficial, but this article states that “several trials have revealed the beneficial effects on mood and mental health of simply observing nature.” They study concludes with “health professionals should try to influence the design of new buildings by insisting that there are views of outside nature from every patient and staff room, and by placing internal plants in atria, communal areas, surgeries, clinics, and staff rooms.”

It’s also been well-documented that plants can reduce both air and noise pollution from the surrounding areas, which is especially helpful in urban areas.

Green spaces in cities is an equity issue; studies show that as income rises, the amount of green space also rises. This just isn’t right. Everyone needs access to green space, and everyone deserves the health benefits that come from having it, and we need to do all we can to provide it.

I know that I’m lucky to have these views from my home, but I’m also among the fortunate few whose workplace also benefits from green views. My desk sits right next to our office back door, and as I work at my computer, I get a slice of the beauty. Now I can also bask in the knowledge that the view is improving my cognitive skills, too!

Edible East Bay article

Edible East Bay is a wonderful local magazine that celebrates everything “food” in the East Bay Area (and it’s free, although they do take subscriptions). Last fall, I was fortunate to engage Cheryl Koehler, the editor, as a guest lecturer for my ‘Bay Area Food Culture’ class at Merritt College. My students were enthralled; the magazine has a bit of a cult following among foodies, and many of them had her sign back issues that they had kept for years.

A few months afterward, a local writer contacted me, saying that Cheryl thought our program at the college would make an interesting piece for the magazine. The writer, Rachel Trachten, interviewed me and several of my students for the article. A former student, Kerstin Firmin, who was also my first garden intern at the college, was hired to take the photographs. I wasn’t really sure anything would come of it, but the fall issue of the magazine has just been released, and sure enough, there’s an article about the Urban Agroecology program at Merritt. I’m absolutely thrilled; mostly to read what the students have said and are doing out in the world, but also because it might be a good advertisement for the program, which is still new and finding its footing. I am very proud of our program and of my students, and am looking forward to beginning a new semester this coming Monday. I hope to build some momentum and excitement about our program and the certificates that our students can earn, which will help them find new careers in farming or food systems.

If you’re interested, you can read the article here. Many thanks to Cheryl, Rachel, and Kerstin for this honor.

Wasps: One Sign of a Healthy Ecosystem

When I started teaching at Merritt College, I was “given” the Environmental Center property as a place to hold my labs - basically, as a place to grow a garden. In years past, it had been used for that purpose (though, I would argue, not to its full potential), and even held a few remnants of the old raised beds. But it had long been abandoned and unused; my co-workers had several truckloads of junk and trash hauled away, which revealed a rather shabby and sad space. The ground was either rocky, or covered in weeds. The outbuildings were mostly being taken over by nature, with mushrooms growing out of roof tiles and critters nesting in walls. Invasive Himalayan blackberry vines covered every corner. The first lab I held there, I had the students spend an hour just being in the space, mapping it out, taking an inventory of what was there, noting how the sun might move across the sky, how the wind moved through the space, and what they thought could be done with the property to make it a ‘real’ farm. On that day, I watched them move through what would eventually become our garden, and took my own inventory of the space. And I realized something that day. I realized that there were no bugs.

A female (identified by the curled antennae) tarantula hawk-wasp taking a break in the Environmental Center garden, on my newly formed paths

Actually, no birds either, except one curious scrub jay. No scuttling lizards. Nothing zooming past, not even a pesky fly. Now, sure, it was late January, but that’s no deterrent in coastal California. If it’s above 50 degrees (and it was, that day, as it is nearly every day of the year in Oakland), bugs are generally out getting some stuff done. But not at the Environmental Center.

My feeling was that the space had been abandoned so long, and was so full of invasive (rather than native) plants, and was so crowded with non-flowering weeds (mostly exotic grasses), that nothing really wanted to live there. This is not an uncommon thing. Urban spaces are increasing across the globe, destroying valuable habitat for all kinds of creatures. How can an insect live in a place with only concrete, glass, and steel? Urban spaces not only lack flowering plants, they also often devoid of any kind of slow-moving water, crucial for drinking but also for many insect nurseries. Cities trap heat to become even hotter than their surroundings, becoming ‘urban heat islands,’ uninhabitable to many species. Vehicles rush around, creating dangerous circumstances for any surviving insect just trying to get from here to there. And people are fearful of insects, generally, and are quick to squash and kill anything they don’t understand.

As I’m sure you’ve heard, insects are absolutely vital to our human lives. Not only do they provide pollination services, they are a critical food source for so many animals that live further up the food chain. Many, like wasps, are also important biological controls, keeping a check on other insects, feeding them to their young. And others, including yellow jackets, are valuable detritivores, cleaning up dead animals and other organic matter so that we are not buried in refuse.

A common blue mud-dauber wasp dragging a spider to its nest to feed its larvae, at the Environmental Center

I know that over the (almost) ten years I’ve been writing this blog, I’ve given some mixed messages regarding pests. I have used yellow jacket traps in the past. I mean, yellow jackets are annoying as hell, there’s no question about that. Eating outdoors is one of the absolute joys of summer, and some yellow jackets make that next to impossible. They also bug my chickens and my honeybees, which I don’t like. So for many years, I rationalized my trapping, until I started to read more about general insect decline and the way that decline affects us. (By the way, if this is something you’re interested in learning more about, I’d recommend checking out Dr. Dave Goulson, or Dr. Doug Tallamy.) Now, I make it a practice not to kill any insect on purpose, and rather to learn as much about them as I can. I find that when I learn more about something, I become fascinated with it, and that in turn leads me to appreciate it fully.

This point was driven home to me when my folks shared that they’d recently read an article in the Wall Street Journal about how beneficial yellow jackets really are. I had been talking about insects in a positive light for years, but it wasn’t until my parents read an article for themselves that they had greater fascination for the subject. This made me realize that, though I’ve written on this subject before (here, and here and here, among others) it really bears writing about again.

There are several different kinds of yellow jacket wasps in California. They are generally either in the Vespula or Dolicovespula genera. Some nest in the ground, in old rodent burrows, and some nest in walls or trees; some that are strictly insect-and-nectar eaters, and some which are scavengers. The scavengers are the ones that annoy us at picnics. They are also the ones who generally will enter a trap. However, the others are great for ecosystem health, and deserve our respect and admiration.

A yellow jacket pollinating at Poppy Corners

And there are many other interesting wasps, such as the ones in the photos near the top of this post. Many wasps, such as the tarantula hawk-wasp and the common blue mud dauber wasp, take other bugs home to their nests to feed their young. The tarantula hawk-wasp, for instance, stings a tarantula between the legs (!) and drags it back to the nest, where it then lays one egg on the spider, takes pains to keep the spider alive until the egg hatches into a larva, which then feeds on the living spider until it pupates. I mean, the stuff of nightmares, yes? And yet also intriguing. Other predatory wasps do this with the very caterpillars that threaten to eat our crops.

In fact, in a 2021 study by the University of London, it was shown that “predation by insects -- as biocontrol to protect crops -- is worth at least $416 billion (US) per year worldwide,” and that wasps actually regulate populations of agricultural insects. This is a priceless service.

Another priceless service that wasps perform is pollination. Many wasps use nectar for their primary source of daily energy (the ‘meat’ is for larval development only), and the study states, “pollination by insects is vital for agriculture, and its economic importance has been valued at greater than $250 billion (US) per year worldwide.” These are not small numbers. Our food supply is already under threat, for oh so many reasons - so let’s use any and all of the free ecosystem services that nature provides us, shall we?

an old paper wasp nest in the eaves of our train shed at Poppy Corners

With all of these services firmly in mind, at the Environmental Center, one of the first jobs I gave the students was to plant a pollinator garden. I had obtained a grant for seed from Pollinator Partnership, and they sent us a large bag of various native California wildflower seeds. We knew that our vegetable and fruit plantings would attract pollinators, but we wanted to ensure as much diversity as possible, and that seed grant gave us another 30 species of flowers with which to attract and feed insects. (Also deer, but that’s a story for another time.) And once the goldfields started coming up, and the tidy tips, then the gilia and the poppies, the bugs started arriving - hover flies came first, then honeybees, then butterflies, and finally now, on these hot summer days, I’m finally seeing the wasps. I’m delighted. Now that there is the buzzing and zooming in the air, I’m starting to see lizards, and skinks, and snakes. Birds of all kinds have found us. Each of these species brings a new set of challenges, but that’s ok - we know that having a healthy ecosystem brings far more benefits than it does problems.

As the garden evolves, my plans for it does, too. I intend, this fall, to have one class build an herb spiral and plant fruit bushes and trees, which will attract even more pollinators. Another class is going to create a garden full of traditional, cultural crops, which should bring in even more native insects. I look forward to seeing the ecosystem develop and create a closed loop, where everything within the loop thrives, including the humans who eat the food grown there.

What I'm Teaching in Fall 2022

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